Minor vs. Reportable Errors When applying rules to real-life situations, matters become increasingly complicated as actual cases possess a wealth of details to decide upon and take into account. Such is Karen’s case, in which she unintentionally set up the IV pump in an incorrect manner, which resulted in a...
Introduction Since the 1900s, the health care system in the United States has experienced a significant transition from the community institution to the corporation. Although this transformation aimed at increased quality of services for a decreased price, drug costs remain very high for a population, and not everyone can afford...
The study by Cayetano-Penman et al. (2021) deals with nurses’ attitudes toward euthanasia. The researchers performed a review of 23 studies on nurses’ perceptions of euthanasia. Cayetano-Penman et al. (2021) identified that nurses’ attitudes toward euthanasia were both positive and negative. Factors motivating nurses to support euthanasia included severe uncontrollable...
The driving force for any organization is the maximization of profit. Healthcare services are usually provided while keeping in mind the sustainability of the process. Financial planning is essential when questioning the entire healthcare organization’s future survival (Ginter et al., 2018). Therefore, understanding the daily expenses and assigning resources for...
Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory of nursing is focused on the reparative and recovery processes, which are directly or indirectly impacted by the surrounding environment. Prior to the theory, the assumptions on care and recovery were centered around the disease itself, where the environment was not factored in. Florence Nightingale is...
Clinical Problem Statement Maintaining nursing services consistently effective and the extent of nurses’ responsiveness high is vital for handling public health concern, particularly, at the time of a health crisis, such as the Covid-19 pandemic observed currently. However, with the rise in the workload levels and a tremendous drop in...
Being one of the most expensive healthcare systems in the world, U. S. health care is associated with various shortcomings. Racial inequality is one of the downsides of the system, as millions of people have limited or no access to high-quality healthcare services due to their socioeconomic status (Bowen Matthew,...
There are several organizations around the world that issue permits, accreditation, or certification for the healthcare sector. One of these non-profit organizations is The Joint Commission, when viewed in detail by which the clinic must meet certain standards. Accreditations differ depending on the segment of the medical institution. The standards...
With health care organizations constantly being filled with people, the priority measure to prevent the spread of infections is to keep all surfaces clean. However, since most of the surfaces can act as “reservoirs of microorganisms,” it may take a lot of time and workforce to keep them clean at...
The Tuskegee research was confidentially carried out by America’s U.S. Public Health Service to determine syphilis’ progression. Brown (2020) explains that four hundred black men who had the disease and two hundred others without were recruited to participate in the exercise carried out in 1932. The analysts convinced the participants...
Hospital-Acquired Conditions (HACs) include medical complications arising within the clinical environment. Medical practitioners collecting patients’ information during admission are expected to ensure accuracy, precision, and comprehensiveness during diagnosis (Lakomkin & Hadjipanayis, 2017). The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMSs) provides a list of conditions, including Urinary Tract Infection (UTI),...
The instances of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase annually throughout the world. All sexually active individuals are at risk of contracting an STI, regardless of their race, gender, or class (Moura & Ferreira, 2019). The selected research aimed to establish the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C, syphilis, and HIV...
Evidence-based nursing practice is defined as a medical care approach that seeks to incorporate the best scientific information and data into the daily work of the workers (Camargo et al., 2018). However, many organizations face a number of barriers that hinder its widespread adoption (Duncombe, 2018). As for my organization,...
Raynor, H. & Champagne, C. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Interventions for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(11), 129-147. Web. The paper presents the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics position concerning methods and techniques of...
Major depression (MD) is one of the prevalent disorders that affect most teenage adolescents. Twelve percent of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years will experience MD episodes, with potential negative impacts on behavioral health such as the increased risk of drug abuse, educational attainment, and interpersonal relationship (Leroy & Williams,...
Today, people live during a pandemic, where the issues of global safety, cleanliness, and treatment have come to the fore. Students, teachers, and visitors to a school should all be treated with respect and safety by following a logical and proportionate approach to ensuring that the school’s facilities are healthy...
Health Care-Associated or Hospital-Acquired Infections are critical bacterial, fungal, or viral infections that patients acquire within 48 or more after hospital admission or within 30 hours after receiving healthcare (Haque et al., 2018). Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) are continually becoming a serious global health issue (Sahiledengle et al,, 2020). Healthcare facilities...
Nurses’ professional ethics are founded on moral principles, which also inform their arguments for and against euthanasia. These ethical standards that guide nursing practice are codified in global standards, and they place a premium on autonomy. The ethical standards emphasize the idea that the physician does not have to concur...
The main concepts learned in the priority setting framework in nursing included Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ordering it from the lowest to the top of the pyramid, starting with physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and then self-actualization at the top. The second concept explored was the...
With the global health issue such as COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth is becoming a component of a daily nursing practice nurse practitioners. Telehealth is introduced as a commendable arrangement both for patients and. The spread of telehealth appears to involve a significant reshape of the existence connection that underlies the customary...
Introduction Pain is among the most common patient complaints, and thus, it is vital to address it in primary care. To identify treatment options and evaluate progress, initial and follow-up pain assessments are required. Clinical decision support systems can be used to make the process of pain assessment electronic, thus...
Introduction Salmonella is an epidemic that has caused several health hazards to various groups of people. It has claimed lives, and many resources have been spent to help control the spread of the bacteria. However, the only practical way that can help in controlling the bacteria is through prevention methods....
Introduction Obesity is a complex medical condition that affects human health adversely in various ways. Obesity rates have been increasing exponentially across regions and countries for at least three decades. Currently, around one-third of the world population is considered overweight or obese – double the prevalence of the disease since...
Introduction Fluorine is a common element abundant in the earth’s crust. Naturally, the mineral occurs in the soil, rocks, and water with higher concentrations in places that have experienced geologic uplift. Many industrial processes are dependent on fluorides due to their use. The primary source of systemic fluoride is exposure...
The healthcare code of ethics (HCE) instructs medical care experts on how to relate professionally with workmates and clients, just as the Second Letter of Peter prepares Christians to combat temptations in an evil world. Ethics guides medical experts on behaviors they should observe to be productive and respectable in...
During my nursing practice, I have observed several unwanted but hypothetically preventable situations where medical professionals committed errors. The vast majority of them were derivable one way or another from ill-organized communication between the personnel and the patients. Tiwary et al. highlight that insufficient interaction is likely to cause complications...
Salmonella Oranienburg Outbreak Investigators from the Center for Disease and Control (CDC) identified Cilantro as a possible source of a Salmonella outbreak. According to the CDC, there were more than 279 confirmed cases of the illness in 29 states in the United States as of September 21, 2021(Beach, 2021). The...
Medicine is a work field that demands a lot of responsibility and dedication. That is why every health care company should pay significant attention to improving the performance of its workers and assessing the results of these improvements. Moreover, as nursing can be tiresome in both physical and psychological sense,...
The present quantitative open research aims at defining the extent to which the use of the point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) alters the diagnosis procedure among general practitioners (GPs). With more than 500 patients participating in the trial, the change in diagnoses was examined in nearly half the cases. The alterations also...
Introduction Most people believe that the Canadian Healthcare system resembles that of the United States, even though they are very different in reality. The U.S. is a multi-payer and mostly private plan, while the Canadian is single-payer with essentially public service. The norms of the two approaches appear similar, which...
Introduction Pressure ulcers may be regarded as one of the major health problems all over the world. According to the definition formulated by the National Pressure Counseling Panel, a pressure ulcer is a localized wound on the skin or underlying tissue resulting from shear or pressure (Sayilan, 2019). In general,...
The coronavirus pandemic has affected the public health drastically, causing not only multiple deaths but also severe mental health concerns as a result of the pressure of the lockdown and the overall tension. Among the key mental health issues faced by citizens across the globe, development or exacerbation of the...
Epidemiology can be defined as a scientific field studying the causes and origins of diseases, as well as the patterns of their dissemination. Epidemiology practitioners are also responsible for the development of methods aimed to prevent and treat various epidemic diseases. Nowadays, multiple perspectives on the definition of epidemiology exist....
Introduction Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a central role in public health by partnering with governments around the world to strengthen public health systems in various ways. The global human population has been growing at an unprecedented rate, which makes it difficult for governments to provide efficient and timely care services...
Introduction One way to determine the Skill Mastery And Resilience Training (SMART) treatment program’s effectiveness is to collect and evaluate data. The treatment program will be the independent variable, while the various outcomes (relating to the objectives listed below) are the dependent variables. The research goal will be determining the...
Culture serves as a determiner of a person’s life choices, including the considerations relating to medicine. Similarly, personal values affect the trust in particular types of medical practices, patients’ adherence to doctors’ instructions, and the use of alternative and complementary approaches as well. In research from ZörgĹ‘ et al. (2018),...
As follows from the job title, the duties of a research administrator are related to the academic activity of a company or an organization. More precisely, research administrators are responsible for developing and monitoring research division budgets, preparing grant proposals, and coordinating clinical trial studies and post-award activities. Some organizations...
The kidney is one of the most valuable organs in the human body. It plays a critical role in filtering wastes and excess fluids from the human blood. However, some complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), can reduce its functioning. CKD is the gradual loss of the kidney’s normal...
The concept of the safety culture of patients and personnel is crucial in the sphere of healthcare. The Health and Safety Executive (n.d.) defines this term as “individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of an...
Administrators are legally and morally obligated to maintain the highest possible standard of patient care and to continually improve the organization. The administrator’s function in workers’ compensation (WCA) is to assist in ensuring that injured workers get the medical care they require and to serve as a link between the...
Summary A knowledge worker is a somewhat loose term, first coined by Peter Drucker in the late 50s. It means a worker, or specialist, who primarily relies on theoretical and analytical knowledge in his or her work (Drucker, 1959). These kinds of knowledge require rigorous formal education to develop. Drucker...
Harm reduction is a proactive approach used in the medical field to promote safe use of drugs both legal and illegal. It is widely used in the United States, Canada, and other parts of the word. The approach was advanced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974, and therefore...
Cultural competence in healthcare stands for the ability of the health care system to provide care for diverse patients. The healthcare organization and its culture are required to be culturally competent to meet a variety of the patients’ needs, including the cultural, social, and linguistic aspects of needs. Although the...
CAM, or complementary and alternative medicine, is the form of treating patients that uses nontraditional approaches to healthcare practices and medical substances. These practices can be used as an additional source of treatment allowing patients to experience different methods. In some cases, they can substitute the conventional medical procedures. The...
The development and application of modern management technologies aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of medical organizations’ activities remain an important task of healthcare management. The poor quality of medical organizations’ management leads to economic losses, reduced availability and quality of medical care, and dissatisfaction of the population with...
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical study that lasted for 40 years and had the goal of observing the natural history of untreated syphilis in black populations. The study violated major ethical principles because participants did not give informed consent, and researchers did not provide them with available treatments,...
Background The nursing profession is associated with a high level of workload, which leads to various stressful situations and reduced healthcare efficiency. The demand for healthcare is increasing along with the need for nursing professionals. However, the growth in the number of nursing specialists is not proportional, meaning that nurses...
The alternative revenue streams will alter the strategies of healthcare provision in accordance with the new findings described by Kacik (2019) in the article “Urgent need for new revenue streams will shape providers’ strategies”. The article focuses on the summary of key findings of the new study done by Partners...
When the Human Immunodeficiency virus enters a human body it specifically targets the CD4 helper cells commonly known as the T-Cells. When HIV kills this cell, the body’s ability to fend off other pathogens is harmed. T cells are needed for cell-mediated immunity, which is an immune response in which...
Introduction Immunity is the human body’s major instrument to address diverse threats related to infections. People develop immunity when exposed to an infectious disease, and this mechanism was used by scientists to develop effective strategies to prevent the spread of numerous diseases. As far back as the eighteenth century, different...
Introduction The book “The War at Home: One Family’s Fight against PTSD” by Shawn Gourley illustrates the issues of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) in the family. Based on my perception, this book is indisputably worth reading because it discloses complex associations in the family between wife and husband (veteran) and...
Functional disabilities constitute disabilities that impose additional difficulties on individuals in performing basic everyday tasks or complex motions required for independent sustenance (Giddens, 2021). The types of functional disabilities include physical, psychological, cognitive, and social (Giddens, 2021). Physical disabilities prevent individuals from physically performing certain activities. An example of such...
Applications to Facilitate Hospital Expansion Patient data is one of the most important aspects of healthcare. However, every time new information is added to the database, its volume increases, and the control of it becomes even harder. Not only storing but retrieving this data when needed is also a problem...
The mind-body connection is a term, that characterizes the interdependence of physical and emotional health. Biological and chemical processes in human organisms impact emotions and thoughts, which, in turn, have a serious influence on the physical state. There are multiple symptoms, not connected with any medical diagnosis, which are occasionally...
Abstract Technological innovations have led to new developments in the field of medicine and healthcare in general. The medical fraternity has integrated technology in its operations, leading to the development of new specialties and practices in the field. Telemedicine is such one specialty that has emanated from the integration of...
Learning Outcomes Illustrate the significance of the healthcare policy in care settings and the community at large. Explain how healthcare settings can be a drug-free zone Alcohol and Other Drugs Policies With the increased access and debates on the legalization of some drugs, such as medical marijuana, they have proliferated...
Introduction The maintenance of sexual health has become an integral part of people’s lives, and it is closely connected to both physical and mental health (Evcili & Demirel, 2018). The lack of understanding of sexual health leads to many problems such as low self-esteem and distrust of a partner. Nowadays,...
Chronic pain is a severe problem in the USA that progresses rapidly in modern society. Opioid treatment is one of the most well-known methods to reduce the ache and make the life of the patient more comfortable and pleasant. However, the risks of this type of drug were not investigated...
Abstract The high incidence of residual paralysis in the post-anesthesia care unit is a problem that needs evidence-based change in a large tertiary medical center. Side effects, including incomplete neuromuscular recovery, increase the length of stay and can occasion permanent brain damage or death due to respiratory complications. A guideline...
This paper examines a case of Miya, a 35-year-old Caucasian woman who has developed a chemical impairment, specifically, the misuse of alcohol and cocaine. The patient, who has undergone appropriate treatment, has also been showing the signs of a persistent depressive disorder. Even though Miya had been subjected to multiple...
It goes without saying that all Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) may be regarded as extremely significant for the improvement of people’s health and well-being. At the same time, in order to choose the most important indicators, it is important to consider their applicability to the majority of global community members...
Introduction Social media has been used as a tool to spread fake news regarding the Covid-19 pandemic. Considering the impacts of the pandemic on public health, governments across the world would be massively interested in disseminating true and factual information to the masses, especially where compliance is necessary to protect...
The creation of teams for quality improvement involves the assemblage of individuals from different departments to generate a new kind of team capital as seen in the Bourdieu framework. Rosen et al. (2018) note that team development entails managing a complex project by delegating tasks. Even though an organization benefits...
Introduction Staffing shortage is a current issue in the health care administration. The majority of hospitals suffer from the lack of working personnel aligned with catering to patients’ needs. It is a case of a major health care barrier referring to the health care administration. The proposal of this scope...
The patient’s diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies an impairment in how her body uses and regulates sugar, resulting from a high circulation of glucose in the bloodstream. Such high levels can lead to issues related to the circulatory, nervous, and immune systems. Individuals who are middle-aged and older...
Introduction In order to be able to care for patients and provide a safe environment for positive health outcomes, nurses need to keep their well-being in good shape. While nurses provide a safe and welcoming environment with the patients, they are frequently exposed to workplace incivility and bullying either from...
The global maternity fee comprises services related to pregnancy performed by the payer in case a pregnant woman does not have health complications. Billing and coding in medicine is the procedure of diagnosing, medical testing, treating, and clinical documentation. It also involves the transcription of a patient’s data into conventional...
Executive Summary Supra-threshold distortions are clarified in noisy backgrounds that utilize individuals’ various listening abilities. In high noise frequencies, a rise in the hearing threshold capacity vastly contributes to hearing impairment identification. As the threshold levels are increased, some components in the speech signal decline, these affect the overall speech...
Introduction Mental health disorders are prevalent amongst people and affect individuals in different ways. Mental illness can be defined as a condition that interferes with behavior, mood, or thinking capacity. These psychological disorders have different biology, etiology, symptoms, and treatment measures. The conditions’ biology has multiple and linked causes such...
Childhood obesity and diabetes are actively discussed across the expert and informational communities of the United States. The problem has taken a serious turn in recent decades, and its acute nature has even prompted the status of an epidemic. Under such circumstances, it is important for the discussion to concentrate...
According to Jennifer, she argues that those affected most by American health care are people of color. This is because the American healthcare system does not provide healthcare services equally to the minority groups such as people of color as it does to white people (Ledford, 2019). Jennifer also claims...
Introduction This report covers hospital visits in Europe conducted between 20 October and 5 November 2014. The main purpose of the tour was to determine the following: What made these hospitals special in terms of services, beds, reputable physicians, international patients and rare complications they treated (the aim is to...
Nursing is a job where various skills and tools are necessary to be learned and applied for providing proper health care and decision making. Although most activities are practical, having a theoretical basis and continuously obtaining new knowledge is crucial to work with excellence. Consequently, exploring scientific works and conducting...
Inhaled Medication Medication administration through inhalation has become the most crucial technique for the treatment of patients diagnosed with airways diseases. Inhalation medications are delivered to patients through an aerosol spray, mist, or powder that they inhale into their airways (Pirie & McGorum, 2017). Although inhaled drugs have a respiratory...
To support my PICOT question, I chose the article “Novel anticoagulant treatment for pulmonary embolism with direct oral anticoagulants phase 3 trials and clinical practice” by Tromeur et al. The purpose of the study presented in this paper is to show the superior efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants...
Look Back Last week we went for a virtual simulation that required us to test our critical thinking skills, whereby I learned that I should improve my capabilities. Elaborating the Experience The event involved critical thinking and ways that a nurse should respond to emergency cases. Moreover, healthcare practitioners should...
Introduction It is true that culture is a major influencing factor in the treatment and care of patients, especially those with mental issues. The aspect of culture, including beliefs, values, and rites, plays a significant role in all stages of healthcare delivery, from planning to analyzing patient outcomes. All healthcare...
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is one of the most prevalent medical errors in the U.S. (and other countries’) healthcare system. Its prevalence and persistence (as well as implications) are some of the reasons for the considerable attention the issue receives in academia. Last year, several dozens of peer-reviewed articles were published...
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) remains one of the most common kidney issues globally, affecting a vast number of people. Therefore, addressing it as a major public health issue is strongly recommended. A paper titled “Polycystic Kidney Disease” renders the issue thoroughly, effectively suggesting that regular testing should be promoted as...
Brain illness has an impact on those who have addictions, their loved ones, and the community as a whole. One of the primary aims of interventions is to help addicts who abuse drugs and alcohol identify when they require assistance. An expert is typically consulted by someone who self-harms, has...
Introduction Medical professionals have been collaborating with technologists to develop evidence-based solutions to some of the health problems many patients encounter. Diabetes remains of the medical conditions that have benefited from the leverage of modern technologists. Experts have succeeded in developing apps that combine computing systems with smartphones to can...
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible and progressive neurologic disorder that makes the brain shrink and slowly destroys memory and thinking skills. It is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, with its prevalence increasingly growing because of the aging population (Weller & Budson, 2018). In most cases, symptoms first appear...
Introduction In the tissue level of cell damage, the stimulus can lead to a reaction called inflammation. Inflammation is a multifaceted response that increases the effects of wound, eliminates the injured tissue, and produces new one. It achieves this by weakening, terminating, and neutralizing injurious agents. General Features of Inflammation...
Dentistry is one of the prosperous spheres in health care, as teeth are the essential elements of the human body. Furthermore, nowadays, dental caries is one of the most prevalent issues, and this fact makes it one of the most important diseases, which requires intervention (Centers for Disease Control and...
Summary The Meta Synthesis authored by Mary Ann Meeker and Mary Ann Jezewski investigating family participation in making decisions warranting withdrawal and/or withholding of life-sustaining treatment for their ill family member is a well-structured and researched article. According to Polit & Beck (2012), clinical decisions concerning patient care and administration...
Childhood obesity is a medical condition characterized by an extensive body fat rate in children (WHO 1). Childhood obesity is diagnosed based on body mass index (BMI) because it is challenging to identify body fat directly. According to WHO, normal BMI is determined by the 5th and 85th percentile ranges,...
The HP 2020 objective that is chosen for discussion and connected with the oral health of adults is “Reduce the proportion of adults with untreated dental decay” (Healy People, 2016). The data for this objective was gained from two main sources: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and National Center...
In the sphere of behavioral health, social workers and medical specialists often deal with culturally diverse groups of the population. They need to understand how to adapt to people with different cultural identities in order to make their services as effective as possible. Biasing and the problems of social justice...
Source Identification The article “Advance euthanasia directives: A controversial case and its ethical implications” written by David Gibbes Miller, Rebecca Dresser, and Scott Y. H Kim was produced in 2019. It was published in the Journal of Medical Ethics under the sponsorship of the same journal. The study by the...
Centrifuge machine is one of the most familiar machines found in any healthcare center. They are used to test fluids found in living beings by separating plasm from the blood for testing purposes. The instructions below can be used to develop a simple centrifuge machine that can be used to...
COVID-19 Anti-Vaxxer Phenomenon The refusal to accept vaccines as a viable solution for the prevention of COVID-19 deaths is an astonishing phenomenon that has negatively impacted initiatives aimed at addressing the pandemic’s negative impacts. The first possible explanation for the behavior is group polarization, where specific beliefs and ideas grow...
Measurement Mechanism to Evaluate Quality Improvement Initiative The use of measurement mechanisms is not a new practice in different sectors. These mechanisms are relevant because “they support different quality improvement processes” (Richardson & Storr, 2010, p. 14). One of the best mechanisms is Performance Measurement (PM). Performance Measurements are initiatives...
Multiple issues, including consumer distrust, are relevant to the topic of healthcare marketing. As per Mehta’s (2017) discussion, the average consumer might regard healthcare services as a waste of time and interventions with unknown effectiveness. This distorted understanding of the healthcare system stems from specific sensational cases of medical malpractice...
The healthcare system’s evolution has placed much emphasis on access, quality, and cost. This emphasis has changed the healthcare system’s delivery models and the approaches to health care. Healthcare business management courses prepare young professionals to manage people, facilities, and healthcare systems, with great emphasis on quality and efficiency. The...
The Federal government payer program for healthcare services allows a diverse population to cover the cost of medical care. Medicare is for people over 65 and younger people with certain disabilities (Medicare.gov, n.d.-a). Various parts of the program cover hospital stays, outpatient care, preventive services, and the cost of prescription...
General Risk Factors for Bacterial Meningitis Bacterial meningitis has a number of risk factors. When assessing a patient, the physician seeks to decide if the patient has any risk factor and determines the course of action. Patient S.F underwent a medical assessment to check her symptoms and find risk factors...
An eating disorder is a mental condition, characterized by persistent eating behavior, which has a negative impact on the person’s health, emotional state, and ability to function. Among the most common conditions are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Most eating disorders result from the focus on weight, body...
Introduction Down syndrome is a development condition that delays a child’s physical and mental development. The affected individuals are more likely to have disabilities or abnormalities because of the extra chromosome-21 (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). Consequently, it affects their regular physical and intellectual abilities (Pathak, 2020). Hauser (2021) writes that...
Carl Hart’s book High Price is a memoir of a neuroscientist with a background of a kid from a rough neighborhood. The study conveys the scientific component, evident through Hart’s research notes on the crack addicts he is examining and the biographical reflection on the author’s past. This past, in...
A research article titled “Discussion of Medical Errors in Morbidity and Mortality Conferences” written by Pierluissi, Fischer, Campbell, and Landefeld investigates the frequency of discussions about adverse errors and events that usually occur in medicine and surgery. The authors raise an important question regarding the mistakes that can lead to...